Friday, January 31, 2020
Alfred Adler’s “The Neurotic Constitution†Essay Example for Free
Alfred Adler’s â€Å"The Neurotic Constitution†Essay Introduction            One of the most common negative attributes an individual possess is insecurity. Common among adolescents, insecurity can be exhibited through either inferiority complex or superiority complex. This paper would present Alfred Adler’s theory of personality which concentrated on the reason as to why an individual develops feelings of insecurity and why this remains part of the individual’s behavior despite them reaching adulthood or old age. Adler’s Individual Personality            As a result of debates with Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler (2007) developed his own theory of personality which he called as the â€Å"Individual Personality. † Adler believed that it is the motivations experienced by an individual that determines his or her role in society as well as being responsible for an individual’s uniqueness. Under the Individual Personality theory, Adler presented two psychological conditions which he termed as â€Å"inferiority complex†and â€Å"superiority complex.† These conditions are commonly experienced by an individual during the early childhood years and would eventually lead to the individual to suffer neurosis.            An individual suffering from either inferior or superiority complex requires an expedient to allow him or her to focus on the uncertainty of his or her existence. By doing so, the individual is able to do a self-estimation of all evils and considers him or her to feel incompetent, inferior, degraded and insecure. In order for the individual to find a guiding principle he or she uses either his or her parent who attributed his or her values to (Adler 2007). Based on the study of cause, behavior, manifestation and altered modes of activity, Adler (2007) discovered that there was a link between the individual developing an inferiority complex and the individual having underdeveloped organs resulting to the nervous system to compensate these. As a result, the individual develops what Adler termed as somatic inferiority and eventually becomes a permanent compelling part of the individual’s psyche. The only way this could be addressed is through the intervention of a psychologist. Another reason for the development of superior or inferiority complex among individuals is their desire to become what they consider to be great and strong. This desire then influences their conduct, psychical and physical attitudes. Oftentimes, individuals would experience temporary denials and discomforts, particularly during the early childhood years. This leads them to seek the impulse to develop character traits that they would consider as common.  It is also during this period of time that individuals experience feelings of weaknesses, helplessness and feelings of anxiety. At the same time, the development of these negative behaviors allows the individual to realize his or her strengths which results to the individual a sense of gratitude towards his strengths. This, along with the development of obedience, allows the individual to develop an accentuation of his or her ego consciousness by assisting him or her to achieve the goal of his or her personality which is to strive for superiority (Adler 2007). Adler (2007) also stated that the parental neglect experienced by an individual as he or she grows up would result to the child developing feelings of aggression and contribution to the individual’s development of inferiority. This is particularly evident among individuals who have been brought up in large families where the individual has a lot of siblings. Conclusion            Insecurities are commonplace among each and every individual such that it would seem to be impossible to find an individual who does not possess any form of insecurity. Adler’s theory provided valid explanations not only as to why individuals possess feelings of insecurity but also why certain individuals are more insecure than others. Along with his theory, Adler presented factors that cause the emergence of insecurities among individuals. The first is physical. Many of people who are insecure are those who are inflicted with what society would consider as physical abnormalities. They are viewed by society as different and as a result would make them to ridicule and bullying. Another factor presented was the family.  On one hand, any children feel that they are pressured into following the footsteps of their parents which would let them feel that the only way to be accepted and considered as â€Å"doing the right thing†is if they would follow the footsteps of their parents. On the other hand, because of the changes in lifestyles of most families, parents tend to have lesser time for their children. The parental neglect causes the children to feel abandoned and as a result would develop insecurities which they would try to hide by creating an image that they are superior, hence the development of the superiority complex.            All in all, society has played a part in the formation of insecurities of an individual. Most often than not, individuals are not even aware that they in fact possess feelings of insecurity which is why only through the intervention of a psychologist and an open mind would an individual discover these insecurities and work on these insecurities in order to develop a stronger personality which is the goal of an individual. Reference Adler, A. (2007). The neurotic constitution: the origin and development of the feeling of inferiority. In H. S. Friedman M. W. Schustack (Eds.), The personality reader (pp. 42-43). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn Bacon.
Thursday, January 23, 2020
Mans Eternal Search for Affection Explored in The Hunchback of Notre D
Victor Hugo penned a fantastic, picturesque story of passion and the human spirit in The Hunchback of Notre Dame. The dramatic emotions of the characters play out on the stage of fifteenth century Paris, France. Quasimodo, a repugnant physical defect of nature, lived severed from human contact, excepting that of the solemnly aloof priest, Claude Frollo. For his part, Frollo strove for knowledge until he encountered the captivatingly gorgeous gypsy dancer, Esmeralda. She existed solely to adore an arrogant captain of the King's Archers, named Phoebus de Chateaupers, for saving her from being kidnapped. Enticed by Esmeralda's dancing to the depths of his being, Frollo outwardly denounced her as a sacrilegious sorceress, but his body raged for her out of lust, accounting for his repeated attempts at having her prohibited from dancing near the cathedral, or stolen away. Esmeralda, furiously in love with Phoebus, nearly sacrificed her virtue to gain his heart, before Frollo gravely wounde d him. Tortured into confessing witchcraft and condemned to die by a court with church officials, the gypsy enchantress obtained sanctuary in Notre Dame cathedral, rescued from the hangman's noose by Quasimodo. At this point, Frollo attempted to claim Esmeralda's merciful and virtuous heartfelt forgiveness for his passion, failing miserably because his efforts appeared feeble and lascivious. Frollo and Esmeralda perished, however, after a storming of the cathedral and gruesome battle, dying sacrifices on the altar of human emotion. How emotion may exist in a studious and solemn man, having only acquired knowledge of books for a score of years, seems impossible. But desire for Esmeralda arrived after Frollo had â€Å"discovered that a man needs affection ... ...her temptation had accomplished this; therefore her cruel effect must have been fate. As she awaited death, one character noticed the incidence of destiny when she remarked that â€Å"‘God has it all written down in His book'†(182). One aspect of Victor Hugo's work, his revelations of themes, philosophies, and morals through humorous characters, seems reminiscent of Sir Walter Scott's usage of a comparable pretext. Through the philosopher/poet, Gringoire, Hugo presents a moral that â€Å"‘the temptations of the flesh are pernicious and malignant'†(276). Certainly there exists some truth to this supposition on a central idea of the novel, the animosity stirred by mortal sensitivity, that during man's eternal search for affection--even when he possesses it, he still craves more. WORKS CITED Hugo, Victor. Notre Dame de Paris. Paris, France. (publisher unknown). 1831.
Wednesday, January 15, 2020
Zeus and Poseidon
Zeus and Poseidon In Greek mythology, there are many gods. All the gods rule a certain thing. One of the main gods are Hades, Poseidon, and Zeus. These gods are very alike and yet very different. When comparing and contrasting Zeus and Poseidon based on powers, place of rule, and marriages, it is clear that Zeus is the better choice. While both gods are very strong, Zeus is superior in power. Zeus is the god of the gods and thunder. Poseidon is the god of the sea and earthquakes.This makes both gods very powerful, Earthquakes make plenty of damage but thunder is much more destructive. Thunder can commence a fire that lasts for days. An earthquake lasts for a while. Zeus is clearly superior power wise. Comparing and contrasting place of rule Zeus also triumphs over Poseidon. Poseidon’s place of rule is the sea; Zeus’s place of rule is the heavens. The heavens and the sea are both beautiful places. Poseidon has his beautiful creatures underwater. But Zeus lives on Mount O lympus which is gods’ most wonderful place.Zeus feasts on ambrosia and nectar everyday. While comparing and contrasting Zeus and Poseidon’s marriage, Poseidon is the clear winner. Zeus is married to Hera and Poseidon is married to Amphitrite. Zeus was married six times, and he had numerous affairs with goddesses and mortal women. Poseidon, much like Zeus, also had many affairs but unlike Hera, Amphitrite was not jealous. In fact, the myths don't indicate that Amphitrite took much notice of her husband's love affairs.Poseidon triumphs over Zeus in marriage because Poseidon seemed to be more loyal to his wife. These two very powerful gods have numerous similarities and differences. Yet one is triumphant over the other in two of three categories. Zeus is triumphant in power and place of rule. Poseidon is superior when it comes to marriages. This shows that when comparing and contrasting Zeus and Poseidon derived from power, place of rule, and marriages Zeus is the finest god.
Monday, January 6, 2020
Gender Roles During The 19th Century Essay - 1580 Words
From past tales of Victorian monsters to modern movies with sparkly teenagers, the vampire genre has always been used to address issues in sexuality since its creation. Vampires are metaphors for us to project our sexuality and desires onto; they don’t have to follow the rules of society or culture, and because of this they let us examine sexuality and social roles more in-depth than ever before. Earlier texts like Dracula address issues with gender roles in the 19th century, while more modern texts like Interview with the vampire aim to make us question the gender roles and marriage and family structure in western culture. The context of some of the first sexualized vampires was born in Victorian times. The discussion around vampires morphed from religious to social and sexual. If vampires don’t follow the laws of religion, then why would they follow the social roles of society? The idea that vampires are fictional, sacrilegious, or unnatural gives them the context to adopt anything that matches those values. In the 19th century the way that homosexuality was viewed the way that vampires were portrayed, and this allowed the concepts to be combined. This concept was also combined with feminism, as in Dracula, to show that women don’t have to match the strict social hierarchy of the time. Recently, with Interview with the Vampire Anne Rice expands the discussion of sexuality and gender roles with the addition of family structure in western culture. In Brahm Stoker’sShow MoreRelatedGender Roles During The 19th Century932 Words  | 4 PagesTitle Gender roles were sharply defined in the 19th century. Women were expected to stay at home and carry out the domestic duties as well as taking care of the children and educate them and provide a peaceful home for their husband. Women were seen as loving and caring. 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In â€Å"A Doll’s House,†written by Henrik IbsenRead MoreGender Roles : Women, Gender, Sexuality And Other Facets Of Identity1623 Words  | 7 PagesGender roles play as an important role in how the society has interpreted the distinction between the male and the female. The distinction of different gender roles evolves over time, with the constant influence of â€Å"class, ethnicity, sexuality and other facets of identity†. (Judith Butler, 1990) This essay will consider three distinctive examples of how artists have questioned gendered stereotypes over time. The essay will also explore examples of female being represented as male and male beingRead MoreThe Illusion Of Popular Culture983 Words  | 4 Pages The Illusion of Popular Culture In the early 19th century a man by the name of Phineas Taylor Barnum changed popular culture with his extraordinary talent of promoting and advertising. His first success came with a slave woman known as â€Å"Joice Heath†who he claimed to be the nurse of George Washington. If this was true it would put Joice at 161 years old, thousands of people went to see â€Å"The greatest natural and national curiosity in the world†(Perlman 4/6/16) which turned Joice from an elderly
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