Analysis of the Great Awakening and Revolutionary Thought

Analysis of the Great Awakening and Revolutionary Thought In the 1730s and the 1740s, religious revival swept through the New England and Middle Colonies. Through these revivals, the colonists came to view religion as a discrete and personal experience between God and man which, â€Å"undermined legally established churches and their tax supported ministers.† (Henretta, P. 112) Joseph Tracey was the first person to describe this period of revivalism as, ‘the Great Awakening.’ In 1841, Joseph Tracy wrote The Great Awakening: a History of the Revival of Religion in the Time of Edwards and Whitefield summarizing this period and cementing its name as ‘the Great Awakening’ for future generations. Of the Great Awakening, he asserts, â€Å"Its†¦show more content†¦However, it is agreed that Jonathan Edwards was certainly involved in the beginning of the Great Awakening and George Whitefield greatly aided its spread. Jonathan Edwards was a minister in the Connecticut River Valley who emphasized the i mportance of a personal religious conversion. Edwards communicated in sermons and personal writings in a dramatic and intensely personal style that was uncommon in the 1730s. For example, an excerpt from his biographical Personal Narrative read: Gods excellency, his wisdom, his purity and love, seemed to appear in everything; in the sun, moon and stars; in the clouds, and blue sky; in the grass, flowers, trees; in the water, and all nature; which used greatly to fix my mind. I often used to sit and view the moon, for a long time; and so in the daytime, spent much time in viewing the clouds and sky, to behold the sweet glory of God in these things: in the meantime, singing forth with a low voice, my contemplations of the Creator and Redeemer. And scarce anything, among all the works of nature, was so sweet to me as thunder and lightning. On the other hand, Jonathan Edwards produced sermons such as Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God. In this sermon, he paints a picture in which the listener is suspended above â€Å"Hell’s wide gaping mouth† solely by the â€Å"mere pleasure of God† like a spider held above a fire. (Edwards,Show MoreRelatedThe Great Awakening Of The 1730s1630 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Awakening of the 1730s significantly altered the social structure of early Americal colonial society. The laity’s internal subjectivity and passional experiences were validated in regards to religious sentiments. This novel type of engagement of the laity is significant, as previously voiceless social and racial classes were given the authority to proclaim and propagate their interpretations of biblical scripture. The New Lights’ emphasis on the transformative power of the Holy SpiritRead MoreA Treatise Of Human Nature By David Hume1472 Words   |  6 PagesUp until the time when William Blake, William Wordsworth, and David Hume put pen to paper, the most revolutionary lines of thought regarding science and philosophy came from Isaac Newton and John Locke who described humans as passive receivers of a world of set laws ruling passive atoms. Hume pushes this popular understanding of the self to the brink and ends up claiming that one can never comprehend the self. Blake and Wordsworth both vehemently disagree with Hume and believe the self is knowableRead MoreThe Major Contributions Of Dissenting Minority Religions And The Collective Efforts Of Non Elite Followers1497 Words   |  6 PagesFocusing on the major contributions of dissenting minority religions and the collective efforts of non-elite followers, Buckley breaks with the trend of ignoring the vast majority of Virginia colonists on subjects not named the Great Awakening. However, his work slips into the realm of presentism with a strong hint of bias when he discusses the uneasy alliance between colonial rationalists and evangelicals in their fight for disestablishment. Buckley argues that although they agreed on many issuesRead MoreEssay about Victorian Thinkers: The Victorian Sage2333 Words   |  10 Pageshigher kind (Holloway 6). The emphasis was on feelings, and awakenings of those dormant understandings of life that everyone does possess. The formal arguments of logic had to be supplemented by something richer, more varied, more personal; something irreducible to any mechanism or pattern. Mechanical logic was only the beginning of a process that required the more elastic and subtle logic of intuitive thought. For Carlyle, mechanical thought and science was a useful way to deal with many things,Read MoreThe Art of Change - Book Review Essay3307 Words   |  14 Pagesridding solo, making little to no effort in working with others. (Beach, 2007) In conclusion Beach expands the analysis of change leadership. Some differentiations are made between CEO’s and other organizational leaders followed by for-profit and non-profit organizations. A matrix was designed to allow for differences in various organizations. The matrix is used to generalize analysis of change leadership as it applies to situations other than executives at large organizations. Each cell explanationRead More The Dilemma of Women Essay1817 Words   |  8 PagesThe Dream of an Hour(Wyatt, online). It was reprinted in St. Louis Life on January 5, 1895. (The Story of an Hour, online) â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, describes the different emotions Louise Mallard feels after hearing about her husband, who was thought to have died in a train accident. Mrs. Mallard suffers from heart problems therefore her sister, Josephine, tries to tell her of the terrible news in a soft way. Mrs. Mallard locks herself in her room to immediately grieve over the loss of her husbandRead MoreBiographical Summary On Frankenstein1926 Words   |  8 Pages Critical analysis The novel Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, was a piece written in 1817 during a time when women weren’t considered to be adequate authors. Shelley’s work is both intriguing as it is thought provoking. She brings to light the true nature of society and life altogether when tested. She factors in how the outside world can influence our choices in writing. George Levine from â€Å"The Ambiguous Heritage of Frankenstein† and Benjamin Truitt from â€Å"Frankenstein Critical Analysis and LiteraryRead MoreMalcolm X: Historical Perceptions3235 Words   |  13 Pagessources and most important, their own perspective of the events as they unfolded. How historians approached Malcolm X is of paramount importance to future historians and more importantly, to the study of history. Principally, these differences of thought and perspective are greatly determined by the writers context, which in turn is at the core of the focus question, concerning the historiographical issue whet her each generation writes the same history in a new way. Furthermore the purpose of thisRead MoreLike The Molave Critical Analysis3058 Words   |  13 Pagesindependence. Significantly, the speaker uses Rizal as an icon for empowerment because of his well-known belief of youth as hope of the nation. The line â€Å"†¦The land has need of young blood – and, what younger than your own, forever spilled in the great name of freedom†¦Ã¢â‚¬ affirms such notion that the persona’s concern in the poem pertains to the young generation who should bear on or uphold our country’s independence and freedom achieved in bloody wars that took countless of heroic lives. EvidentlyRead MoreOperations Management in Hotels2198 Words   |  9 Pagespurpose by advertising and selling the service produced. Fig. 2 summarizes the interaction relationships among operations management and other organizations functions. [pic] Accordingly, the critical decisions of operations management that have great impact on the firms strategy and productivity are service and product design, quality management, process and capacity design, location, layout design, human resources and job design, supply-chain management, inventory planning, intermediate and short-term

Relationship Between Field Dependent / Independent...

3 Methodology 3.1 Introduction This chapter presents the participants, instruments, procedure for this study. It is an experimental study that investigates the relationship between field dependent/independent learning styles and narrative writings in an EFL context. 4.1 Participants The participants in this study were 30 students both males and females majoring in TEFL and literature studying at the Faculty of Letters and Humanities at the Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran, participated in this investigation. The participants were selected from 70 students between the ages of 19 and 32 who were screened by applying a language proficiency test. Using (Mean+ SD and Mean– SD) formulas, about 30 students whose scores fall between (16) to (37) out of (40) were selected as the homogeneous sample as regards English proficiency. Out of a total of participants who complete the learning style questionnaire, two groups of Iranian EFL learners were chosen to investigate the relationship between their learning styles (field dependence/ independence) and narrative writing. FD group FI group consisted of 14 and 16 students respectively. Such variables as sex were not controlled in the selection of the participants. 4.2 Instruments The instruments used in this study are as follows: (1) Proficiency Test: In order to be assured of the homogeneity of the participants in terms of English language proficiency, a simulated test from How to Prepare for the TOEFL Test: Test of EnglishShow MoreRelatedResearch Paradigm14392 Words   |  58 PagesChapter 2 Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research LEARNING OBJECTIVES To be able to Describe the characteristics of quantitative research. List and explain the different types of variables used in quantitative research. Explain the difference between experimental and nonexperimental quantitative research. Explain the concept of a correlation coefficient. Describe the characteristics of qualitative research. List and explain the differences among the different types of qualitativeRead More2010 Secondary Education Curriculum in English6955 Words   |  28 Pagesunderstandings from which the content of the curriculum was derived. The results of national and international assessments were reviewed and analyzed for their implications for teaching and learning. The findings were used to further tighten the standards and improve the delivery of the curriculum and the teaching-learning process. The results of the evaluation of the implementation of the 2002 Basic Education Curriculum were likewise considered in the review of the curriculum. The findings and recommendationsRead MoreEvaluation Research Design Literature19283 Words   |  78 Pagesissues under investigation in the socio-behavioral sciences. Based on this assumption, Suri goes on to critique three contemporary methods of literature synthesis: traditional narrative reviews of research, metaanalysis, and best evidence synthesis. B. Suri (2000) identified the primary strength of the traditional narrative review of research as methodological flexibility when the review is undertaken by a highly experienced research reviewer. However, the principle weaknesses of this approach includeRead MoreStudy Guide Literary Terms7657 Words   |  31 PagesFlies provides a compelling allegory of human nature, illustrating the three sides of the psyche through its sharply-defined main characters. A form of extended metaphor, in which objects, persons, and actions in a narrative, are equated with the meanings that lie outside the narrative itself. The underlying meaning has moral, social, religious, or political significance, and characters are often personifications of abstract ideas as charity, greed, or envy. Thus an allegory is a story withRead MoreEvidence Based Practice Essay6286 Words   |  26 Pagesarticles a day, 365 days of the year!!! • Textbooks may be out of date by the time they are printed • Traditional continuing education conferences do not significannot ly improve clinical practice. • To advance our profession and enhance life long learning • In the near future, 3rd party payers will only provide reimbursement for healthcare practices that are supported with evidence. • Practice routed in tradition are often out dated and does not lead to the best patient outcomes o Use of soap andRead MoreMethods of Collecting Behavioural Data4359 Words   |  18 Pagesto develop their interpersonal or people skills if they are going to be effective in their jobs. Organizational behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and structures have on behavior within an organization for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes sociology, psychology, communication, and management; and it complements the academic studies of organizationalRead MoreEssays on Vehicular Pollution3726 Words   |  15 Pagesis that of the romantic era. After almost a century of being attacked by the academic and professional world of Western formal concert music, the style has reasserted itself as neoromanticism in the concert halls. When John Williams created the sound of the future in Star Wars, it was the sound of 19th-century Romanticism--still the most popular style for epic film soundtracks. Beginning in the last decades of the 18th century, it transformed poetry, the novel, drama, painting, sculpture, all formsRead MoreEssays on Vehicular Pollution3733 Words   |  15 Pagesis that of the romantic era. After almost a century of being attacked by the academic and professional world of Western formal concert music, the style has reasserted itself as neoromanticism in the concert halls. When John Williams created the sound of the future in Star Wars, it was the sound of 19th-century Romanticism--still the most popular style for epic film soundtracks. Beginning in the last decades of the 18th century, it transformed poetry, the novel, drama, painting, sculpture, all formsRead MoreRethinking Project Management9242 Words   |  37 Pagesthis kind of work the attention is refocused on praxis, on context-dependent judgement, on situational ethics and on reï ¬â€šexivity which enables social actors to see how power actually functions in context. Ó 2006 Elsevier Ltd and IPMA. All rights reserved. Keywords: Actuality; Practice; Rationality; Project management 1. Introduction The aim of the paper is to formulate and map a strand of research within the project management ï ¬ eld that adequately addresses the ‘actuality’ of project based workingRead MoreFS 1 portfolio10152 Words   |  41 PagesDevelopment and Environment First Semester A.Y 2014-2015 In Partial Fulfillment Field Study 1 Rachel Shayne A. Besangre Student Mrs. Terencia R. Arnejo Instructor October 2013 I. Acknowledgement I am very much thankful to the teachers, faculty, student and parents who helped me and gave me ideas that inspired me and touched me deeply, without them I could not finish this partial fulfillment of Field Study. I also thank the school personnel, ________________, _________________

Application of project management skills Free Essays

Management of any project requires the management and leadership skills for it to be successful. Projects are initiated to solve a specific problem which has been identified and they exist within a limited time frame. Most of the time, projects have to operate under the constraints of a limited budget and resources so they have to be completed to address the problems they were designed for. We will write a custom essay sample on Application of project management skills or any similar topic only for you Order Now   People initiate and implement projects and a lot of team work and good leadership is needed for their completion. When one works in an organization, there will always be a manager who is in charge to see that the goals and objectives of the organization are achieved. Managers, who are accountable to the owners, have to ensure that the objectives are fulfilled within a limited time and budget. Team work is very vital at work places and different individuals have to work harmoniously to achieve the goals and objectives similar to execution of projects (Landes, 2007). If anyone is in management at work they need to apply different types of leadership to address different problems that face the organization. It is crucial for the manager to have a good knowledge of the organization as it helps him in dealing with challenges that face it daily.   Managers provide leadership which concerns itself with influencing people in places of work to achieve certain things that are vital for the success of the organization. Problems that need to be solved daily in places of work are like projects since they require unique solutions which have to be executed within a span of time (Landes, 2007). When an organization comes up with its objectives and goals aimed at improving or boosting its performance specific tasks are distributed among the employees. Management in a places of work concerns it self with drafting a budget that is strictly followed to ensure its success.   Every task that is delegated to an employee has a strict deadline that must be observed. Management skills are very crucial in places of work as they ensure that the organization runs smoothly and there is no conflict. Like in projects people play a vital role in the achievement of all the goals and objectives of the organization. A lot of challenges are experienced when trying to manage people at work places and the relationship of those in the helm of leadership in an organization and the led is a key determinant of its failure or success. Leadership in places of work can motivate workers to achieve the goals that have been laid out within a limited span of time and within a certain budget. Management in places of work concerns itself with management of people, ensuring customers are satisfied, working with colleagues, and ensuring the creation of environments that are conducive for workers to give an excellent performance in the confines of a budget and on limited time superseding the expectations of stake holders (Landes, 2007). The applications of this module are very relevant in any place of work. There are many aspects in work places that need intensive attentions and a lot of planning to optimize the performance and the project management skills can be utilized in such instances. The management and leadership skills that see the completion of projects to satisfactory levels come in handy in work life when applied at all levels. People are vital in both work places and projects and they can lead to success or failure of either. Bibliography Landes, C. 2007, Project management skills in startups, retrieved on April 1, 2009, from https://www.startupnation.com/forums/3327/1/1/print How to cite Application of project management skills, Essays

Protection and Promotion of Cultural Expressions - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Protection and Promotion of Cultural Expressions. Answer: Introduction: For many years, migration and diversity in Australia have served as one extensively-studied topic. It is widely believed that changes in immigration patterns have deeply impacted Australias strategies for handling cultural differences. This situation raises a key question about how legislation and public activities influence the countrys ways of coping with diverse backgrounds, values, and practices. It is not hard to understand that resolving this question requires a careful investigation of the themes of policy responses, as well as public assumptions. With a goal of clearly explaining Australias management of diversity-related matters, this essay explores the contents of the 1966 movie, Theyre a Weird Mob. This essay argues that legislation and public attitudes have been two powerful factors regulating Australias process of addressing the impacts of ethnic and cultural diversity. By portraying Ninos difficult experience of digesting local culture, the director, Michael Powell call s attention to state policies and the Australian publics morally problematic act of forcing immigrants to adopt Australian lifestyles. Purnells experience of living in one prejudice-free community reflects that official policies and Australian citizens have learned to value and celebrate differences in recent decades. These aspects, as illustrated by this essay, demonstrate the countrys gradual progress regarding using a multicultural method to driving social development. An analysis of the movies portrayals of Ninos experience of confronting peoples prejudiced expectations makes clear the Australian publics racist sentiments in the 1960s. Films and other forms of mass media have served as one effective communication tool for shaping public opinions of the migration history of Australia (Bertrand and Collins, 1981). An easy look at the contents and themes of Powells movie clearly suggests his goals for building dialogues about the countrys big trend of educating immigrants to digest Australian culture. Throughout the movie, Powell (1966) focuses on depicting the Italian newcomer, Ninos struggles to adopt the values and norms of Australia. It seems that the male protagonists interactions with every person are intended to teach him to assimilate into the world of the Anglo-Celtic mob (Wang, 2011). One good example showing Powells intent to reflect the Australian publics prejudiced attitude towards non-white residents stems from Ninos conversation with o ne police officer in one ferry, which happens in the second time they meet. Once seeing Nino, the police officer says: You again? You are drunk this time?. After hearing Ninos explanation, the police officer impatiently asks Where are you going?. These claims, along with the police officers indifferent look, fully reveals his biased idea that people like Nino are those who can easily get into trouble and hinder the local polices order-keeping tasks. This example, along with other scenes, illustrates Powells efforts to comment on the Australian publics stereotypical opinions of immigrants and their desire for promoting the Australian way of living (Mascitelli et al., 2016). From these details, one can learn that the movie does an outstanding job of getting across the idea about white Australians racial bias and its intolerance of cultural differences. The movies depictions of the Italian migrant, Ninos story of gradually adopting the Australian way of life reflect immigration policies crucial role in shaping the discriminatory practices of the country. It is true that cinematic representations directly impact public knowledge about one places social circumstances and political realities. In his movie, when describing Ninos encounter with Aussie culture, Powell successfully conveys the message over the restrictive nature of the countrys immigration policies in the 1960s. One example illustrating this fact comes from the directors portrayals of one drunken mans abusive speech on the ferry. In this scene, the Australian man refers to one Italian family as bloody dagos and makes fun of their accents. The mans use of the term dagos, which is a sign of prejudice, along with his claim that Its our ferry, not your ferry, raises thoughts about the nations belief in racial superiority (Jimenez, 2013). Most importantly, the mans speech enhan ces viewers ideas of immigration policies key function in causing the severe phenomenon of racial discrimination. At the time when the movie was made, the White Australia policy, which caused Australia to build a racial hierarchy to receive desirable immigrants, according to the researcher, Jessica Carniel (2012), was still influential. The policy is believed by Carniel as having an important position in shaping the history of the racial bias of the country. Carniels words point out that in Australia in the post-World War II era, the atmosphere of race prejudice was largely caused by the countrys operation of immigration laws. By portraying the abusive language of the Australian man, the movie, therefore, effectively represents legislations key part in increasing systemic discrimination. While perceiving the movies description of how Nino is expected to merge into the social and cultural landscape of Sydney, modern people can easily conclude that forced assimilation is morally unacceptable in current years. What shapes the movies unique position in the history of Australia is its messages over two issues: cultural acculturation and assimilation (Mayer, 2007). The fact that Nino eventually becomes friends with his co-workers from Australia embodies a fine example of acculturation, which is the phenomenon where groups of people maintain contacts by sharing or adapting to different cultures (Bolaffi, 2003). This phenomenon is acceptable in that it conforms to the western worlds principle of protecting individuals freedom of expression and communication (Schorlemer and Stoll, 2012). One equally important feature of the movie is its conversation over assimilation. This theme can be identified in many scenes where people Nino meets try to force him to rapidly absorb the Au stralian lifestyle. Assimilation involves a countrys behavior of requiring people from different cultural or racial backgrounds to adopt its ways of living without respecting their own customs and conventions (Cotesta et al., 2013). Even till the late 1960s, assimilation policies, as asserted by the scholar, Bruce Kaye (2004), were implemented by Australia to sustain its national identity as a white nation. These policies are morally wrong because their operations are inevitably achieved through coercion, which violates human rights. In other words, in the movie, local peoples actions are problematic as they cause Nino to lose or abandon things that are specific to his own culture. These aspects help people conclude that Australias assimilation measures are morally incorrect because of their trend of denying the cultures and identities of non-white peoples. The challenges of racism, workplace discrimination, and ill behavior to the employees are some of the factors that are explored in the movie. The immigrations policies have become tougher these days, than it was at that point of time. Suspicious people in the eyes of the immigration officers face difficulty in entering the country. The suspicious group of people not only constitutes oif people who are having no visas or papers required, but also people who have cancelled visas, some history of crime or offence. Therefore, the immigration officer easily allows Nino to enter Australian territory which may not be applicable in the present times. Immigration officers may detent anybody who is suspicious in their view. When Nino met Harry it was seen that Harry was behaving very badly withy Nino including hurling racist comments. It shows the thought process of Harry that is anti-Italian. There has been quite a number of efforts and legislations from Australian government to reduce the effects of racism from the country. However, these could not successfully contain the problem till date. The Race Discrimination Act 1975 is one act through which Australian administration aimed at reducing the evil of racism from the country. The act recognizes the fact that there should be tough actions against anyone who racially hurts or discriminates other people. The act states theRacial Discrimination Act 1975gives effect to Australia's obligations under the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. Its major objectives are to promote equality before the law for all persons, regardless of their race, color or national or ethnic origin, and make discrimination against people on the basis of their race, color, descent or national or ethnic origin unlawful. Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, Australia has gradually upgraded this vision. The country has considered cultural diversity as one important component of its social development. In recent years, Australia, as pointed out by the Australian academic, Renata Summo-O'Connell, has been engaging in building its society on the basis of the principle of cultural and racial differences (2009, p.320). These aspects, hence, manifest that both legislation and public activities have deeply impacted Australias methods of addressing the effects of diverse needs, viewpoints, and priorities. Recently the number of students coming to Australia for studying has increased in number. They are enrolled in varieties of courses at universities in Australia. All these institutions have included the clauses of diversity and elimination of discrimination. There are coaches who are dedicatedly appointed for behavioral therapies who manage the cultural diversities in Australian institutions (Altbach, 2015). The students are given lessons of cross cultural communication. If any activities of racial discrimination even within the universities are found to take place they are duly judged according to racism laws and the authorities are bound to take strong actions so that such activities do not take place in the future. As shown in the movie, Nino is subjected to extreme physical exertion due to which he ultimately falls sick. Still today the problem of racism in the workplaces of Australia exists. Even during the time of recruitment the recruitment officers may be practicing racism within their mind by giving preference to the race they prefer first and then recruiting people from other nationalities. Australian Department of Industry has stated that In Australia, national and state laws cover equal employment opportunity and anti-discrimination in the workplace, therefore it is punishable by law to show any discrimination towards any particular class. The Australian Human Rights Commission has given the Fair Work laws that prevent any workplace discrimination or exploitation (Humanrights.gov.au 2018). Especially after the crisis of World War 2 it was seen that there was an international problem of refugee crisis and all the countries around the world was requested by the United nations to Support immigrants from other countries. Australia developed a detention center at the Manus Island which they called as immigration processing center (Phillips, 2012). In this island it was reported that several immigrants were kept in conditions which was similar like detention and imprisonment. Recently the Supreme court of Papua New Guinea where the detention center is located at declared that this detention center is illegal and soon it is expected to close. During the film this detention center did not exist and the immigrants were treated in a more liberal way. Australia has also taken up significant legislations to reduce discrimination of physical disabilities or discrimination on the basis of gender. TheSex Discrimination Act 1984gives effect to Australia's obligations under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and certain aspects of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) Convention 156. Its major objectives are to promote equality between men and women eliminate discrimination on the basis of sex, marital status or pregnancy and, with respect to dismissals, family responsibilities, and eliminate sexual harassment at work, in educational institutions, in the provision of goods and services, in the provision of accommodation and the delivery of Commonwealth programs. (Humanrights.gov.au, 2018) The modern history of Australia allows the world to perceive that issues about the management of cultural diversity play a critical role in influencing the countrys daily development. For a long time, scholars and researchers have exhibited their strong interests in examining the social, cultural, and political factors that shape Australias ways of treating tourists, immigrants, and minorities. An investigation of this topic shows that over the past several decades, both official policies and the Australian public have adopted different methods of coping with cultural differences. The themes of the 1966 movie, Theyre a Weird Mob, clearly demonstrate this fact. While portraying how the Italian newcomer, Nino is forced by local people to digest Aussie culture. The movie fully reflects that assimilation policies and public behaviors collectively shaped the serious phenomenon of racial prejudice in the 1960s. Modern peoples analysis of the movie can deepen their comprehension of Australi as significant progress in reducing discrimination and valuing diversity. References Altbach, P., 2015. Perspectives on internationalizing higher education.International Higher Education, (27). Bertrand, Ina. and Collins, Diane. 1981. Government and Film in Australia. Sydney: Currency Press. Bolaffi, Guido. 2003. Dictionary of Race, Ethnicity and Culture. London: SAGE. Carniel, Jessica. 2012. Whos the Weird Mob Anyway? Assimilation and Authenticity in Theyre A Weird Mob. In: Making Film and Television Histories: Australia and New Zealand. James Bennet and Rebecca Beirne (eds.). London: I.B. Tauris, p.241-245. Cotesta, Vittorio., Vincenzo Cicchelli., and Mariella Nocenzi. 2013. Global Society, Cosmopolitanism and Human Rights. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Goodman, David., D. J. O Hearn., Chris Wallace-Crabbe. 1991. Multicultural Australia: The Challenges of Change. Melbourne: Scribe. Hasmath, Reza. 2016. Managing Ethnic Diversity: Meanings and Practices from an International Perspective. London: Routledge. Humanrights.gov.au (2018).Legislation | Australian Human Rights Commission. [online] Humanrights.gov.au. Available at: https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/legal/legislation [Accessed 28 Mar. 2018]. Humanrights.gov.au., 2018.Legislation | Australian Human Rights Commission. [online] Humanrights.gov.au. Available at: https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/legal/legislation [Accessed 28 Mar. 2018]. Jimenez, Miriam. 2013. Inventive Politicians and Ethnic Ascent in American Politics: The Uphill Elections of Italians and Mexicans to the U.S. Congress. London: Routledge. Jupp, James. 2007. From White Australia to Woomera: The Story of Australian Immigration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kaye, Bruce. 2004. Reinventing Anglicanism: A Vision of Confidence, Community and Engagement in Anglican Christianity. New York: Church Publishing. Levey, Geoffrey. 2013. Political Theory And Australian Multiculturalism. New York: Berghahn Books. Mascitelli, Bruno., Sonia Mycak, and Gerardo, Papalia. 2016. The European Diaspora in Australia: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Mayer, Geoff. (2007). The Cinema of Australia and New Zealand. London: Wallflower Press. Miller, Chris. And Lionel Orchard. 2016. Australian Public Policy: Progressive Ideas in the Neoliberal Ascendency. Bristol: Policy Press. Moran, Anthony. 2016. The Public Life of Australian Multiculturalism: Building a Diverse Nation. London: Springer. Phillips, J., 2012. The Pacific Solutionrevisited: a statistical guide to the asylum seeker caseloads on Nauru and Manus Island.Background Note. Powell, Michael. 1966. Theyre a Weird Mob. YouTube video, March 21, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDvMY1cE5q4feature=youtu.be Schorlemer, Sabine. and Stoll, Peter-Tobias. 2012. The UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions: Explanatory Notes. London: Springer. Summo-O Connell, Renata. 2009. Imagined Australia: Reflections Around the Reciprocal Construction of Identity Between Australia and Europe. New York: Peter Lang, p.320. Virtue, Robert. 2015. Growing up in a cultural melting pot. [online] ABC Newcastle NSW. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/local/photos/2015/02/03/4173221.htm [Accessed 21 Mar. 2018].

Global media and communication

The ability of an organization to generate and maintain market competitiveness forms one of the most critical elements in supporting its internal and external mechanisms for further growth and expansion. The increasing competition and pressure in the global business arena have largely compelled many businesses to seek opportunities where they can expand their operations on the international scale.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Global media and communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The prosperity and viability of a firm expanding to another country greatly depend on an organizational ability to organize its communication systems efficiently and effectively (Dunn 2008, p. 193). Studies indicate that expanding a business to a different location is an initiative that requires proper planning and development of communication strategies with regards to operating in environments which are not familiar (Zhou, Zhuang Yip 2007, p.309). This paper analyses John Lewis, a fast growing departmental store in the United Kingdom and its expansion strategy. Besides, the paper examines and explores the United Arab Emirates as a likely location for John Lewis business to expand. A brief overview of John Lewis: John Lewis is a departmental chain store based in the UK. It operates about thirty two stores in its chain of operation. Additionally, the store stocks diverse range of products that include leisure and beauty goods, electrical, fashion products and home appliances (Zerbini, Golfetto Gibbert 2007, p. 784). Its key personnel include Charlie Mayfield who is the chairman, a managing director, a retail director, a brand and buying director, and a commercial director (Kissa, Danis, Cavusgil, 2011, p. 270). It has over seventy thousand employees in its partnership with other businesses working in its stores and in sister stores like Waitrose supermarkets (Winer 2009, p. 117). Since its inception, John Lewis and its partners have relied on distinctive positioning and not market leadership to drive customer loyalty and trust (Suh et al 2010, p. 211). Reports from Mintel (Consumer market reports for Europe and UK) indicate that John Lewis core strategy has made it a department store brand that is most trusted after MS.Advertising Looking for report on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company has been able to nurture customer trust and confidence through delivering of quality services and products at competitive and genuine prices. This has enabled it survive many setbacks which include the 2008 recession. It has developed an online platform never Knowingly Undersold (NKU) where it markets and sells its products online locally and internationally (Suh et al 2010, p. 211). Financially, its financial year that ended in January 2011 saw its sales at  £2,661.9 million, an increase of 10.2% and its operating profits at  £201.2 million, an increase of over 21.3%. Its direct sales especially from fashions have increased its sales making total sales to reach a high of  £393.5 million (Kissa, Danis, Cavusgil, 2011, p. 270). The selected marketplace-United Arab Emirates Economic status of UAE The United Arabs Emirates economy over the last two decades has continued to grow and greatly impact the global economic status. Its economy to agree with Suh et al (2010, p. 213) has largely progressed and diversified based on the Human Development Index (HDI), consumption per capita and GDP per capita among other indicators. The United Arab Emirates with a GDP of $ 270 billion in 2008 was ranked 38th globally, third in the Middle East and second after Saudi Arabia. Statistics indicate that the current GDP growth of the UAE makes it a fastest growing economy. Besides, Al-Obaidi (2003, p. 98) points out that the UAE is an emerging market that is anchored by strong diversification, extern al trade and investments. Demographic characteristics of the United Arab Emirates The UAE has been ranked as one of the many nations in the world with the highest population (Dunn 2008, p. 195). The main contributing factor behind this high population density has been massive immigration over the years. In 2005, reports from the national Bureau of Statistics indicated that the UAE population was at 4,106,427 and in 2010; it had steadily rose to 8,190,000 with a growth rate of 3.282% (Dell’Orto 2010, p. 649). While it is true that the UK has a high literacy level of 99%, Petrilli (2004, p. 271) indicate that the UAE closely follows it with 77.9% with literacy levels among female population being 81.7% and male 76.1%. The literacy levels as Zhou, Zhuang and Yip (2007, p. 312) indicate are indeed important tools for developing an effective communication plan and also crucial for implementing marketing communication because they determine the approach to use when expanding to thi s market. In addition, over one third of the population in the UAE has access to the internet (Anon 2001, p. 87).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Global media and communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While this may be low compared to the over 75% of the UK population that has access to internet either in their homes or at workplaces, Scotton (2002, p. 277) argues that the access to internet in the UAE is definitely a critical tool because it will make it easy for John Lewis to conduct marketing communication to relay messages and gather feedback easily. At this point, Shankara et al (2011 p. 32) concurs with Scotton’s view on internet and literacy and adds that a highly literate society is a real asset towards any form of business expansion plans. Market availability and size of market: One major factor that global media and communication scholars emphasize on is the availability of market for an organization’s products (Winer 2009, p. 108). It is worth noting that the UAE business development environment has been very effective in the sense that products easily get a ready market because of the large population. Spinks and Wells (1997, p. 290) hold the view that a business expanding to this region stands a chance of enjoying an advantage of a large customer base. However, Cheng (2002, p. 230) partly agrees with Spinks and Wells but warns that with the UAE per capita being lower compared to that of UK, many people are unable to afford various products even those produced locally due to the weak purchasing power. In the UK, traders have an added advantage of an expanded market (entire EU bloc) where per capita is also higher compared to that of the United Arab Emirates (Ho Bill 2008, p. 293). However, businesses in the UAE continued to flourish with ease because the local population purchasing power is higher. Competition, entry threats and industry structure: The United Arab Emirates markets just like the UK markets are highly competitive because of high specificity of consumers and levels of industrialization (Chitakornkijsil 2009, p. 109). As a result this competitive environment makes marketing communication difficult because new ventures have more potential in asserting their brands (Ashutosh Suresh 2009, p. 605). Large organizations in the UK have to beat the existing giants in the UAE by using superior marketing communication designs to reach and put across their messages to consumers.Advertising Looking for report on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the UAE, Shankara et al (2011 p. 32) highlights that competition is even more difficult to counter because existing organizations are run by the government which has major interests in them and as such may prove to be a threat as well as a source of competition for John Lewis. The view by Shankara et al is strengthened by Arnaud and Bolton (2008, p. 155) who are afraid that the near monopolistic nature of the market is indeed less tolerant to emerging competitors and this makes it very difficult to penetrate. Communication strategies Entry to market Choosing an effective market entry mode has become one of the most important strategic choices facing many businesses intending to expand to foreign countries and compete favorably in the international market. Strategic management scholars indicate (Leeflang 2011, p. 76) that different businesses have diverse strategic orientations that reflected in the manner in which they are willing to organize their communication, control mechanis ms, prioritize resource allocations and take risks Zerbini, Golfetto and Gibbert (2007, p. 784) point out that the entry mode a business chooses depends on developing an effective communication strategy. Agreeably, Al-Obaidi (2003, p. 100) points out from a strategic capability theory that a media plan will minimize the chances of John Lewis failing in its new venture by providing it with competencies and capabilities based on intangible and tangible resources. Segmentation, targeting and positioning In their publication, Arnaud and Bolton (2008, p. 155) point out that segmentation, targeting and positioning are important components in developing a media plan that when appropriately implemented, a business’ competitive advantage become enhanced, its products gets identified, market segments corrected and market mix applied to maximize profits. In the case of John Lewis, moving to the United Arab Emirates will mean choosing potential locations such as the city centers where th e middle class and upper class people are and can buy its products. Once it has identified city centers as its segments, it will need to an appropriate media to market and carry out promotions of its products. Gaining more customers and a competitive advantage requires effective communication of products and costs to consumers (Chen, Shen and Chiu 2007, p. 1046). As such, in its positioning, it must set the prices of its products competitively and ensure that it communicates the information efficiently via a media. Branding Developing effective marketing and brand communication has become a central pillar to most organizations seeking to win greater national and international markets because of its capacity to link consumers and respective organizations as a method of branding, developing loyalty and levering demand for continued market dominance and profitability (Ho Bill 2008, p. 293). Marketing communication managers at John Lewis should carefully internalize national cultures a nd therefore design their brands in a manner that coheres with their orientation. Leeflang (2011, p. 76) posits that in the UAE, the population has come out as one that take a highly collectivist outlook which defines every aspect of the society. As such, by internalizing the collectivist nature through targeting groups and using symbols that are recognized collectively, John Lewis would easily increase their loyalty by the local population. Dunn (2008, p. 200) echoes the above argument and notes that incorporating an element of the UAE cultural outlook in market positioning would create a sense of identity by the local population and ultimately develop important support of products and services provided to the market. Globalization The theory of globalization focuses on cultural, political, social scenarios, economic conditions and development influences. It strongly claims that communication is a key component which has international aspects (Arnaud and Bolton 2008, p. 155). Arnau d and Bolton (2008, p. 155) points out that the current globalization trend facilitated by fluent, economic conditions and active worldwide communication systems has increased mobility in trade and financial resources. Globalization therefore plays a key role in creating a sphere where John Lewis will be able to establish economic and communication transactions when it expands to the UAE. In addition, Petrilli (2004, p. 192) indicate that globalization creates technological ties which do not only increase flexibility, but also enhances cultural communication. The international marketing mix John Lewis should pursue The expansion of John Lewis into the UAE will call upon its management to implement a marketing plan that will aid overcome challenges related to cost, competition and entry into a new market. Leeflang (2011, p. 76) argues that a company expanding to a new region and wishes to enjoy the advantages it had in its home country should devise and launch identical marketing pla ns. In its expansion, John Lewis should employ product, price, promotion and placement mix to capture the market in the UAE (See appendix I). In terms of product, John Lewis can have tweak elements but adopt a single fashion product for the market. The tweak elements will be seen in the manner of packaging and difference in size. In terms of price, the cost of products as well as the media channel to employ varies in different markets and may be affected by different variables cost of development and delivery (Leeflang 2011, p. 76). As such, John Lewis should go for a media which is less costly. Burt, Johhanson and Thelander (2011, p. 185) argue that distribution of products vary indifferent countries and are influenced by level of competition. As such in terms of placement, John Lewis placement plan must focus on the position of its products in the market place. On the issue of promotion, Dell’Orto (2010, p. 650) indicates that a proper media plan should be devised to cater for budgets related to advertisements and other marketing activities. Media plan Use of internet platforms The last two decades have seen information technology emerge as an unbeatable force and platform for communication whereby businesses have used the internet to reach their target consumers with ease (Anon 2001, p. 90). In the UAE, information technology has greatly developed and this would be the best platform John Lewis should use to post information to potential customers. Preferring to use the Arab times for efficiency and low cost, web banner page on products using banner 780 pages on all pages throughout the year on a monthly basis will cost 1200Ãâ€"12=14400 KD. Use of newspapers to relay messages Newspapers are some of the oldest forms of marketing communication that organizations use to relay their products information and reach potential messages (Shankara et al 2011, p. 30). They are therefore considered formal in most cases and used to relay official information abou t new products and press releases. In the UAE, printed press is considered to be very central in sending messages to customers and potential clients because it can reach even those far from major towns (Burt, Johhanson Thelander 2011, p. 190). Preferring to use the Arab Times for newspaper advertisement, the products will take the first business page, colored and half a page at 1800 thrice a week for a month. The total cost will be 1800Ãâ€"4 weeks Ãâ€" 3 days months= 21600 (See Appendix II). Reflection- strengths and weaknesses of media and communication strategies As Globalization progresses to all corners of the globe, it has become very critical to strategically reposition within the marketing realms for growth and development (Spinks and Wells 1997, p.290). Arguably, the ability to progressively articulate a holistic inclusion of consumers and traders as major stakeholders in products design and consumption has become more intense. Hebert, Roxell and Randy (2011, p. 1438) poi nt out that the use of media and effective communication strategies as links to consumers has therefore employed the notion where consumers are directly engaged and actively involved in determining the quality of products and services. This notion as Scotton (2002, p. 277) expresses in his publication derives necessary identity from consumers and subsequent loyalty with a company. However, media advertising has increasingly lost this notion due to the high costs involved and long term taken to respond to consumers’ demands. Strength Communication efficiency. Due to the fast rising competition in the business sector, it has become necessary to employ effective communication methods that guarantee expected objectives of a company. Indeed, many senior managers and executives of companies understand very well those media and communication strategies for critical tools in a business system. As a result, most businesses demand to get the direct feedback, both positive and negative feedback that tells the actual status of their products in the market (Dell’Orto 2010, p. 650). Through sales promotion, a direct link between consumers and the businesses is created through a consumer sales promotion where businesses interact with consumers. Besides, a business and other traders can also link via a trade sales promotion. As such, through the media, sales management teams of John Lewis will get into contact with their customers or respondents, collect their views, and access their perception with reference to the products being offered. According to Burt, Johhanson and Thelander (2011, p. 185), it is not enough to just have an excellent product with an excellent price in the market. However, tie-backs must be established to effect faster communication of alternatives to the consumers for higher returns. Weaknesses Time demands and efficiency: Media advertising takes long term consideration mainly because response from consumers nis mostly not immediate. Takin g into consideration the fact that media use and application is very costly, Leeflang (2011, p. 76) points out that there are great levels of inefficiency as companies tend to capitalize on major sections in the major newspapers and prime time to capture consumers attention. Scholars however appear divided over the issue in that most of the producers that have intensively applied sales promotion have indeed been very emphatic in the long term demands (Dell’Orto 2010, p. 650). In addition, media advertisement is a one way communication system where producer relies on the media for communication with target consumers. As a result, it takes much longer for the producer to get the correct negative feedback after an advert has been released to the traders and consumers in the market. With the advertising media being mainly informative, it therefore lacks the aggressive appeal necessary for the current dynamic market. According to Zerbini, Golfetto and Gibbert (2007, p. 784), moder n consumers have become skeptical about advertising as it has turned out to be a show of might which does not necessarily confer with the quality of products they get in the market. Most of the products quality difference is very limited for the consumers to determine through media advertising as opposed to practical methods. Chitakornkijsil (2009, p. 107) points out that they are greatly shortened and lack basic explanatory considerations available in sales promotions. Mintel consumer reports on John Lewis indicated that it was only after John Lewis refocused its long term advertising consideration and assimilated short term promotions based on incremental and cumulative sustenance that it managed to capture the market share of the UK fashion market in 2009 (Shankara et al 2011 p. 32). Operations and cost incurred Application of effective communication strategies has been more effective due to its ability to target specific populations in the market. Companies managements’ m ain considerations that dictate efficiency in media plan application is mainly the ability to reduce operation costs and precisely get the target consumers for their products (Shankara et al 2011 p. 32). Besides, the management team of acompany ensures that all the operations are carried out with the highest possible positive impacts aimed at achieving organizations’ goals and objectives. Good communication strategies have therefore turned out to fit in these brackets perfectly well. In the UAE, Suh et al (2010, p. 213) argue that it pays to particularly identify the potential consumers for a given product. Therefore, through undertaking effective communication methods especially in the major supermarkets, it is possible to avoid major wastages as it attracts only the target population. However, media use in communication is usually very costly and general in its targets. The struggle to get the best slot during prime time hours of the news and capturing sections of the news papers like the front pages makes them very expensive for businesses. It is also very wasteful in that it exposes the advert even to non-targeted population. Creativity application and appeal Sales promotion is applied in the field with use of tangible products and services to the consumers or traders. As a result there is greater tendency to carve the necessary rational appeal and conviction of the product to consumers. Media advertising on the other hand is highly emotional and seeks to create the necessary image and perception for a given brand. However, the discontinuity between the time of the advert and the real tangible products assimilation is highly perilous and may result to shifting of choice by the consumers. During the prime time periods, in the front pages of the papers, and major bill boards, it is possible for the consumer to get hundreds of adverts on different products like tooth paste brands, car brands, and shoes among others. This is highly confusing to the cons umers and the last advert may have greater impact on them than the initial ones. Conclusions To sum up, use of appropriate media plan as indicated in the paper forms a strong pillar that will ensure John Lewis expansion plans into the UAE is successful. The UAE is one of the fastest growing economies and provides a good market for John Lewis products. As noted, some of the media strategies that the company can implement include the use of internet, social networks, newspapers and other forms of media as this are affective in reaching a large group of customers of various social classes. Selecting a media channel which is cost effective is key in ensuring that the business saves its operating costs. References Al-Obaidi, J. 2003, â€Å"Communication and the culture of democracy: Global media and promotion of democracy in the Middle East†, International journal of instructional media, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 97-110. Anon. 2001,†Managing Global Communication in Science and Tec hnology†, Technical Communication, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 87-90. Arnaud, D Bolton, L 2008, â€Å"A multi-stage model of word-of-mouth influence through viral marketing†. International Journal of Research in Marketing, vol.25 no. 3, pp. 151-163. Ashutosh, P Suresh, P 2009, â€Å"Integrated marketing communications in markets with uncertainty and competition†. Automatica. vol. 45 no. 3, pp.601-610. Burt, S, Johhanson, U Thelander, Ã… 2011, â€Å"Standardized marketing strategies in retailing? IKEA’s marketing strategies in Sweden, the UK and China†. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, vol. 18 no. 3, pp. 183-193. Chen, C, Shen, C Chiu,W 2007. â€Å"Marketing communication strategies in support of product launch: An empirical study of Taiwanese high-tech firms†. Industrial Marketing Management, vol. 36 no. 8, pp. 1046-1056. Cheng, H. 2002, â€Å"Global Communication†, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 228-229. Chitakornkijsil, P. 2009, â€Å"Communication in Global Cultural Teams and International Communication Challenge†, International Journal of Organizational Innovation (Online), vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 102-112. Dell’Orto, G. 2010, â€Å"International media communication in a global age†. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, vol. 87, no. 3/4, pp. 648-650. Dunn, K.C. 2008, â€Å"Never mind the bollocks: the punk rock politics of global communication†, Review of International Studies, vol. 34, pp. 193-210 Ellis, PD 2010, â€Å"International trade intermediaries and the transfer of marketing knowledge in transition economies†. International Business Review, vol.19 no. 1, pp. 16-33. Hebert, J, Roxell, S Randy, J 2011, â€Å"Openness, knowledge, innovation and growth in UK business services†. Research Policy, vol. 40 no. 10 pp. 1438-1452. Ho, Y Bill, M 2008, ‘Determinants f SME international marketing communications’ Journal of Global Marketing, vol. 21 no. 4, pp. 293-305. Jones, S. 2011, â€Å"Leadership Through New Media Communication Tools†. Canadian Journal of Respiratory Therapy, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 41-43. Kissa, AN, Danis, WM Cavusgil,T 2011, â€Å"International entrepreneurship research in emerging economies: A critical review and research agenda†. Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 27 no. 2, pp. 266-290. Leeflang, P L 2011, ‘Paving the way for â€Å"distinguished marketing†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. International Journal of Research in Marketing, vol. 28 no. 2, pp. 76-88. Petrilli, S. 2004, â€Å"Crossing Out Boundaries with Global Communication: The Problem of the Subject†, The American Journal of Semiotics, vol. 20, no. 1-4, pp. 193- 210,271-272. Scotton, J. 2002, â€Å"Global Communication / Global Communication: Theories, Stakeholders and Trends†, Journalism Mass Communication Educator, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 276-278. Shankara, V, Inman, J, Matralla, M, Kelly, E Rizley, R 2011, â€Å"Innovations in shopper marketing: current insights and future research issues†. Journal of Retailing, vol. 87, pp. 29-42. Spinks, N. Wells, B. 1997, â€Å"Intercultural communication: a key element in global strategies†, Career Development International, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 287-292. Suh, T, Bae,M, Zhao, H, Kim, SH Arnold, MJ 2010, â€Å"A multi-level investigation of international marketing projects: The roles of experiential knowledge and creativity on performance†. Industrial Marketing Management, vol. 39 no. 2, pp. 211-220. Winer, RS 2009. â€Å"New communications approaches in marketing: issues and research directions†, Journal of Interactive Marketing, vol. 23 no. 2, pp. 108-117 Zerbini, F, Golfetto, FG Gibbert, M 2007, â€Å"Marketing of competence: Exploring the resource-based content of value-for-customers through a case study analysis†. Industrial Marketing Management, vol. 36 no. 6, pp.784-798. Zhou, N, Zhuang, G Yip, LS 2007, â€Å"Perceptual difference of dependence and its impact on conflict in marketing channels in China: An empirical study with two-sided data†. Industrial Marketing Management, vol. 36 no. 3, pp. 309-321. Appendices Appendix I: International marketing mix for John Lewis Appendix II: Media Plan 2012 Month Media and frequency of usage Daily cost (KD) Monthly cost (KD) Total (KD) The Arab times The internet The Arab times The internet The Arab times The internet Jan Thrice a week Monthly 1800 21600 1200 22800 Feb Thrice a week Monthly 1800 21600 1200 22800 Mar Thrice a week Monthly 1800 21600 1200 22800 April Thrice a week Monthly 1800 21600 1200 22800 May Thrice a week Monthly 1800 21600 1200 22800 June Thrice a week Monthly 1800 21600 1200 22800 July Thrice a week Monthly 1800 21600 1200 22800 Aug Thrice a week Monthly 1800 21600 1200 22800 Sept Thrice a week Monthly 1800 21600 1200 22800 Oct Thrice a week Monthly 1800 21600 1200 22800 Nov Thrice a week Monthly 1800 21600 1200 22800 Dec Thrice a week Monthly 1800 21600 1200 22800 This report on Global media and communication was written and submitted by user Saniyah Holt to help you with your own studies. 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crime stats Essay

crime stats Essay crime stats Essay Official statistics on crimes are collected by the Police, the Courts and by the British Crime Survey (BCS). They are gathered from records kept by each individual police force and are wildly accepted as a true and accurate measure of crime. The BCS is responsible for the public presentation of recorded crime in the UK. However, the problem the BCS has is the fact that they can only collate and present recorded crime figures and it is believed these figures are not an accurate reflection on the actual amount of crime in the UK. Even the BCS believe that only 1 in 4 crimes are reported. Apart from recording how many crimes have been committed in a year, crime statistics have other uses too; they are used to track patterns and rising/falling levels of crime over a number of years, and can highlight trends etc. Also they can be used to help with crime prevention measures, if for example there was an increase in street muggings, more police money and time would be dedicated to helping patrol the streets. Furthermore the statistics can show areas of high crime and will help the government see where more money is needed to establish a bigger or stronger police force. A final usage of official crime statistics is by academics, Psychologists, Sociologists and Criminologists for example may find them useful, if they were investigating crime in the community, or investigating a certain type of crime. Many would argue however that official crime statistics are not the best resource for studying crime levels. Looking at the above advantages, it would be easy to draw a conclusion that official statistics are in fact very useful as a source of data, however there are also important disadvantages to official statistics. They are not always produced in useful form which tend to make it harder to analyse and draw any trends of patterns for sociologists. Official crime statistics do not always measure what they intend to measure for example Home Office Crime Rates Statistics do not always take into account that not all crime is reported which does not represent crime data. Also statistics can be seen as politically biased as they are produced by the government. Positivists find official crime statistics as valuable; they believe that they tell us more about the crime and criminality and therefore are very useful. Durkheim used them in his study of suicide, he felt that society was not reducible to individuals. And he found out that there was a significant variation in rates of suicide of different populations and that they stayed remarkably consistent over time. From this he found four types of suicide which showed why a person may have committed suicide. He concluded that suicide is not an individual act but has its roots in society. Positivists believe that official crime statistics are useful as it gives an insight to the extent of crime i.e whether it is increasing or decreasing and the nature of crimes i.e violence or property related. However, Interpretivists would question the usefulness of official statistics, they argue that official crime statistics lack reliability and therefore validity because it tells us more about the pe ople involved in their collection. They believe that official crime statistics are socially constructed. They argue that official crime statistics vastly underestimate crime and therefore on represent ‘the tip of the iceberg.’ It is argued that some crimes go unreported or prove difficult for agencies to detect such as white collar crimes, which are generally committed by middle class. White collar crime is a significant problem as it means that official statistics significantly underestimate middle class crimes. There are two main types of white collar crime, corporate crime and occupational crime. Corporate crime is committed on behalf of an organisation, for example Nick Leeson’s fraudulent trading which lead to the collapse of Barings bank. Occupational crime which is committed at

Unguarded Gates vs. A Broadway Pageant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unguarded Gates vs. A Broadway Pageant - Essay Example His enthusiasm overshoots his subjects, as Whitman makes references to different races, ethnicities and cultures of the world with poetic grace. This is in sharp contrast with Thomas Aldrichs poem, titled Unguarded Gates, which takes on hues of Xenophobia and White Supremecist attitude. In fact, the poem is so laced with hostility and fear toward other races and cultures that it would shock anyone reading today. It should be noted that not all of Aldrichs poems were like this, which explains why he was considered an important poet during his lifetime. But given that the poem was written toward the end of the nineteenth century and that Aldrich could not have foreseen the occurrence of the two World Wars, his attitude toward other peoples of the world, is more a product of ignorance than one of malice. Even Whitmans poem bears marks of cultural ignorance, a his references to the other exotic parts of the world is clichà ©d and stereotypical. In A Broadway Pageant, the reader can clearly see that Whitmans view of the Orient and beyond is no more than that acquired through postcard pictures and popular trivia. But Whitmans ignorance in this regard does not mitigate against the spirit of the poem, which is one of respect and regard for the cultural outsiders. At the time of Whitmans writing of the poem (circa 1860) the trans-pacific relations between the Orient and the New World was in its inf ancy. It would see its peak in the coming decades, before meeting the nadir during the 1940s, when Japan and the United States were are war. But, despite this temporary setback, it is a testament to the spirit of human solidarity that the two countries have maintained amicable economic relations ever since. This is consistent with the basic theme of A Broadway Pageant. Considering the times we live in, with the phenomenon of economic